Below is the content of the presentation of the lesson of 30 March 2009, the first of the second module with Italian Linguistics Writing Workshop (LM). E 'useful to whom to recover what was lost, and useful to those who had to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe systematic review we have done in the classroom.
The concept of standard
after World War II in the socio-historical context to note the following changes:
• The transition from a common language with many dialects
• The formation of a real language • The average
development of science and then the dialogue between this language and specialized language media
• Contact with the English and its influence
Italians are often accused of acting in a manner neglected linguistic behavior. Here are the main causes:
neotelevision • The negative effect of trade (in addition to the positive paleotelevisione dissemination of cultural and linguistic)
• The reaction to the prevailing conservative school until the early sixties
What we call "language media can also be called standard language. What does standard language?
oxymoronic concept of flexible stability, according to some linguists, sums up the characteristics of the standard language.
How do I use a standard language?
. Separation (from those who do not have one)
• Unification (including speakers)
• House (as opposed to those who do not have one)
• Reference (ie measure of the lyrics)
• Language selection (material which is / is not is "standard) •
official written language
• Normalization (or not to accept reference forms)
The problem of a standard Italian has been raised several times and at different levels. According to a historical pattern we define at least the following stages:
1304,
Dante, De vulgari eloquentia : He wanted a language distinguished (Mrs), noble (royal) Curial cardinal (hinge)
1525
Bembo, Prose of vulgar language : suggesting to adopt the language of the two crowns (Petrarch and Boccaccio)
Vs
- Machiavelli, which proposed to adopt the most natural live Florentine vernacular
- Trissino he would prefer to build a common language from the vulgar collage of different
1840
Manzoni: it proposes to take educated Florentine contemporary
Vs
Ascoli, which proposed the construction of a standard of speakers from dall'acculturazione
To place a linguistic phenomenon we must consider the following sociolinguistic variables, under which you can also define a standard phenomenon or not. •
diatopically (Lugo)
• diachronic (time) •
diastratic (soco-cultural level of the speaker / writer) •
diamesic (media) •
diaphasic point of wiev (context communication)
Standard and neostandard
There is the concept of "neostandand", in reference to a new Italian that has replaced the standard literary Manzoni? •
Berruto (1987) puts it in a wide variety of literary and spoken
• Sabatini (1985) speaks of the use of Italian medium;
• D'Achille (2003) stresses the novelty of not learned;
• Cortellazzo (2000) recognizes the particular characteristics
• Dardano (2008: 20): "You can not talk about neostandardizzazione if not at the price of a gaze that emphasizes marginal phenomena
• Sobrero (1993) speaks of the use of Italian medium
• Simone (1993) emphasizes textual facts
• De Mauro (1975) puts the relationship with language learning
• Serianni (1989) reflects on the relationship with the linguistic norm
In any case, standards and neostandard
have a ratio of: • Continuity
(continuity syntactic and lexical)
• Discontinuity (fall of the literary model)
neostandard If there is to be positioned in relation to the problem, rather elusive, the variety of Italian. Here are two examples of classification (both good and both non-sufficient):
• • Dialect Dialect-regional
• Italian • Italian regional
common
(Pellegrini 1960)
• Italian •
stately formal scientific Technical
• bureaucratic
• Standard literary
• Neo-standard colloquial
• Speaking • Regional-popular
• Informal neglected •
slang
(BERR 1987)
The general trend of neostandard is as follows: migration phenomena characteristic of spoken>>> make their entry into the>>> wrote
phenomenon characteristic of Italian neostandard
Morphosyntactic Phenomena
Trends specific morphosyntactic phenomena
• Homogenization of the paradigms
• Reduction of irregularities
• Constructs synthetic> analytic constructs ( the girl whose life I have> the girl that I owe my life )
Weather details
- Dislocations (sx.: eat the apple, right.: I eat the apple )
- There is presented ( Marco is looking for you )
- Nominativus pendens ( Franco, who must carry the computer Giel )
- cleft sentences ( in PD is lacking cohesion ) and pseudoscissa ( is this concept that I would pass )
- Construct theme / rheme ( Veltroni, is breaking )
- What polyvalent ( "I want a life that is never too late" )
- Relative weak ( us in that house there is a garden in front )
- ethical dative ( eat me even the fruit )
- conjunctions with the meaning changed and adjustment: so (final); why, how come (question mark)
- Time and verbal ways:
. imperfect (Courtesy: wanted a coffee ; created: let's pretend that you were a bandit ; unreality: asked him if he was at home )
. epistemic future ( will be all at sea, now )
. This pro pro future and future perfect tense ( tomorrow if you have been good, I'll take you to the sea )
. subjunctive indicative pro (I know you're drunk )
- Concordat to sensum: there's a million people taking part in the exodus
- Redundancy pronominal also functional ( "to me made me feel important and they made them feel at the center of a story ")
- Reduction of pronominal paradigms:
. Personal ( he > him )
. clitics ( the, them, there>'s )
. What ...? > What ...?
Lexicon and morphology
Trends specific
- Standardization of the bass register and the jargon ( angry, necessarily, bales, casino )
- Reduction of allotropic ( youth / young )
- Neologisms semantic ( curve of the stadium), tumors ( boat, sandwich ), loans and casts
- replacement. with synthetic forms of analytical
particular phenomena
- Neology combinatorics, especially:
- Suffix-ista ( rowdy )-ism ( rowdy )-tion ( formatting )-ing ( things from messing up),-ize ( berlusconizzare )-able ( retirement), ale ( decision),-eria ( Nutelleria )-ato ( gym )-ino ( phone, face ), zero degree ( restoration, use )
- Prefix (inter-, tele-, para -, mega-, super-, euro-, bio-) with risemantizzazioni ( Converter )
- Polirematiche: Search, barcode, job
- Neology semantic processes of metaphorical extension, metonymy ( navigation computer, x-ray of the situation )
- loanword: anglismi in medicine ( check-up), as well as in finance (leasing ), sport ( pole position), also French, but a few important ( computer, recycling, zero growth )
- Cast
. Homonym ( pressurize> to pressurized )
. Synonyms ( skyscraper> sky-scraper )
- Locations (fixed pairs of lexemes: tilt < mandare)
- Stereo vocabulary (phrases)
- winks (with graphic devices such as quotation marks)
textuality and pragmatic
Trends specific textual and pragmatic
- Simplification syntagmatic (hypotaxis> parataxis)
- and paradigmatic (reduction typological constructs persons: of that, because, in , and coordination: why, when, while, so )
- Style nominal
- Recourse Filming tonic pronominal ( he, she ) in favor of lexical shooting ( encapsulated and paraphrase )
particular phenomena
- Use and abuse of catafora (often with dislocation on the right: them we will soon see the results of the resignation of Veltroni )
- Introduction of an implicit reference text ( on holiday there was this guy who sends us ... )
- anadiplosis with sinon. / wrapper ( promotes Berlusconi style. A style that depopulated Europe Berlusconi ... )
- crushed Style (punctuation strong) and frequent focus (the movement of constituents text)
- Collection par excellence synonymy and (especially in journalistic and political)
- Quotations direct and indirect (advertising, titolistica)
- Percontatio (rhetorical question and the type presented: Walter ? unable A) and other rhetorical questions ( Who said ...? )
- Decline of subordination
- Complements deferred (or independent Robber escapes. With the sheets. )
We propose now an example of text (Ansa-3/09) where many of the phenomena listed in detail can be seen through the living language. Following the analysis.
(ANSA) - ROMA, 17 MAR - Who said that romantic love does not last forever? Instead it is these stories of love those designed to last a lifetime and are those that provide greater satisfaction and happiness' to the report. And 'what emerges from a study of Bianca Acevedo, who now works at the Universita' di Santa Barbara published in the Review of General Psychology. Less satisfactory were the passionate love instead intended to immediately extinguish the fires of straw as well as those relationships where the partner becomes a companion, a friend''and''you lose the signs of affection turned into and friendship. All to say that love with the 'A' capital is consumed after the first reporting period transformed into something less 'neutral', as if the two lovers at one point they were 'sentenced' to get my feet back on the ground. This study of 6070 people instead of the promised'''eternita all'innamoramento. Experts have estimated the degree of satisfaction with the couple's short-and long-term considering three different types of relationship: what they call love, because of intensity 'of feeling, sexual attraction, mutual commitment and promise of the partners, the partnerships that are more like 'to an intimate friendship, the relationship passionate, intense but also obsessive and lacking the security inherent in romantic love. Experts found that partners who feel more satisfaction from the relationship in the long term are those who are involved in a romantic love relationship that also enjoy greater self-esteem and happiness', the passion meets only short-term coexistence and 'friendly' to 'little satisfaction in both the short and long term. It 's not true, therefore, concludes Acevedo, a long relationship that kills love, if love is true.
(ANSA).
17:16 17-MAR-09
For list, following the wording of text, we can observe:
- the presence of a "rhetorical question" who is not, however, a percontatio. (Who said that ...);
- preview pronominal feature of dislocations to the right (... he said that romantic love ...)
- the introduction of an implicit reference text with a focus (precisely these stories with reference to romantic love);
- a phrase pseudoscissa ( these are just ... that ...);
- the lack of recovery pronominal textual typical journalistic style (... report. ... These are the findings);
- a syntactic position (... emerges from a research ...)
- the lack of transparency syntactic ( ... a search for Bianca Acevedo, who now works at the Universita 'di Santa Barbara published in the Review of General Psychology: 1-search 2-White 3-University, 4-S.Barbara, < 1a-pubblicata);
- reducing syntagmatic and paradigmatic of conjunctions (Instead I would rather ... promises ... but ...)
- the use of the conditional characteristic of the information contained in the journalistic style; ( ... would be ...)
- some lexical stereotypes (such as flashes in the pan ... or generic experts, experts have found ... experts have estimated ... ");
- a deal nearly so (... turned into the signs of affection and friendship, where there are no signs to be transformed, but love!)
- the frequent nods expressed by the quotation marks ("friend", "A", "Insane", "convicted", "eternity");
- a fairly typical form of orality (All to say ...)
- a structure of scientific language (Experts have estimated the degree of satisfaction with the couple's short-and Whereas long-term ...)
- not always disambiguate punctuation (you lose the signs of love turned into love and friendship ... ... the partnerships that resemble more ...)
- the ellipses of the second term of comparison (the partnerships that look more ...)
- the presence of crossing between two competing syntactic structures: experience satisfaction with / in / a + Derive satisfaction from (the partner who experience greater satisfaction from the relationship ...) and, to determine a true anacoluthon: Experts have found that patients who are ... + ... those who are also enjoying ... (Experts found that partners who feel more satisfaction from the relationship in the long term are those who are involved in a romantic love relationship that also enjoy greater self-esteem and happiness);
- the use of an elementary syntax (the passion meets only Short-term coexistence and "friendly" gives little satisfaction in both the short and long term).
And now two examples of literary language where some of the phenomena having become aware of brands style:
Luther Blissett, Q, Einaudi, Torino, 2004, Chapter I
almost blindly.
What should I do.
Scream in the ears already smashed by guns, bodies bumping me. Dust and sweat of blood closes the throat, cough me tears.
The eyes of the fugitives: terror. Bandaged heads, mangled limbs ... I continually face: Elias is behind me. Makes its way through the crowd, huge. Magister Thomas carries on his shoulders, inert.
Where is God omnipresent? His flock at the slaughterhouse.
What should I do. The bags, narrow. Without stopping. The dagger is flying on its side. Elias
always behind. A shape
confused runs towards me. Half face covered in bandages, torn flesh. A woman. We recognize. What should I do: the Magister not be found. The grasp: not to speak. Screams behind me - Soldiers! Soldiers!
her away, away, to safety. An alley on the right. Travel, Elias back, headfirst. What should I do: the doors. The first, second, third, open. Inside.
We close the door behind him. The noise drops. The weak light filters through a window. The old woman sits in a corner across the room, on a straw chair half broken. Few poor things: a shabby bench, a table, reminiscent of coals in a chimney fire recently blackened by soot.
A. Baricco, Novecento, Feltrinelli, Milan, 1994, p. 11.
always happened that at some point ... one raised his head and saw. It is a difficult thing to understand. I mean ... we were in more than a thousand on that ship, traveling between rich people and migrants, and strange people, and we ... Yet there was always one, one, one who first saw it .... Maybe that was where he was eating, walking or simply on the bridge ... maybe it was there that he was adjusting his pants ... he raised his head a moment, threw an eye toward the sea ... and saw it. Then he nailed, where he was, was leaving the heart to a thousand, and, again, all the damn time, I swear, again, he turned toward us, toward the ship, to all, and shouting (softly and slowly): America. Then he stood there, motionless as if he had to take a photograph with the face of one who had made him America.
